
Emma Batson
Research Assistant
PhD Student, EECS
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
66 Massachusetts Ave., Suite 36-231
Cambridge, MA 02139
emmabat@mit.edu
Emma is a graduate student in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT. She received her B.S. in Physics and Electrical Engineering from MIT in 2020. Prior to joining QNN, she worked on superconducting qubits and quantum sensing systems. Her current research focuses on coupling optical photons to superconducting microwave photons
QNN Publications, Conference Papers, Talks & Thesis
2723951
Emma K. Batson
1
ieee
50
date
desc
title
2845
https://qnn-rle.mit.edu/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%22L97LW6MV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2723951%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Simon%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025-01-23%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E%5B1%5D%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EA.%20Simon%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%5C%22%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farxiv.org%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F2501.13791%27%3EAb%20initio%20modeling%20of%20single-photon%20detection%20in%20superconducting%20nanowires%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%2C%5C%22%20Jan.%2023%2C%202025%2C%20%3Ci%3EarXiv%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%3A%20arXiv%3A2501.13791.%20doi%3A%2010.48550%5C%2FarXiv.2501.13791.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22preprint%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Ab%20initio%20modeling%20of%20single-photon%20detection%20in%20superconducting%20nanowires%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alejandro%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Reed%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Foster%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mihir%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sahoo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22James%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emma%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Batson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Francesca%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Incalza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christoph%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Heil%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Berggren%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Using%20a%20kinetic%20equation%20approach%20and%20Density%20Functional%20Theory%2C%20we%20model%20the%20nonequilibrium%20quasiparticle%20and%20phonon%20dynamics%20of%20a%20thin%20superconducting%20film%20under%20optical%20irradiation%20ab%20initio.%20We%20extend%20this%20model%20to%20develop%20a%20theory%20for%20the%20detection%20of%20single%20photons%20in%20superconducting%20nanowires.%20In%20doing%20so%2C%20we%20create%20a%20framework%20for%20exploring%20new%20superconducting%20materials%20for%20enhanced%20device%20performance%20beyond%20the%20state-of-the-art.%20Though%20we%20focus%20in%20this%20study%20on%20superconducting%20nanowire%20single-photon%20detectors%2C%20these%20methods%20are%20general%2C%20and%20they%20can%20be%20extended%20to%20model%20other%20superconducting%20devices%2C%20including%20transition-edge%20sensors%2C%20microwave%20resonators%2C%20and%20superconducting%20qubits.%20Our%20methods%20effectively%20integrate%20ab%20initio%20materials%20modeling%20with%20models%20of%20nonequilibrium%20superconductivity%20to%20perform%20practical%20modeling%20of%20superconducting%20devices%2C%20providing%20a%20comprehensive%20approach%20that%20connects%20fundamental%20theory%20with%20device-level%20applications.%22%2C%22genre%22%3A%22%22%2C%22repository%22%3A%22arXiv%22%2C%22archiveID%22%3A%22arXiv%3A2501.13791%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222025-01-23%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.48550%5C%2FarXiv.2501.13791%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farxiv.org%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F2501.13791%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-02-25T20%3A06%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZKPZ3P82%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2723951%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Simon%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-09-25%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A3%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E%5B1%5D%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EA.%20Simon%2C%20R.%20A.%20Foster%2C%20O.%20Medeiros%2C%20M.%20Castellani%2C%20E.%20K.%20Batson%2C%20and%20K.%20K.%20Berggren%2C%20%5C%22%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farxiv.org%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F2409.17366%27%3ECharacterizing%20and%20modeling%20the%20influence%20of%20geometry%20on%20the%20performance%20of%20superconducting%20nanowire%20cryotrons%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%2C%5C%22%20Sep.%2025%2C%202024%2C%20%3Ci%3EarXiv%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%3A%20arXiv%3A2409.17366.%20doi%3A%2010.48550%5C%2FarXiv.2409.17366.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22preprint%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Characterizing%20and%20modeling%20the%20influence%20of%20geometry%20on%20the%20performance%20of%20superconducting%20nanowire%20cryotrons%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Alejandro%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simon%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Reed%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Foster%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Owen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Medeiros%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matteo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Castellani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emma%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Batson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Berggren%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20scaling%20of%20superconducting%20nanowire-based%20devices%20to%20larger%20arrays%20is%20often%20limited%20by%20the%20cabling%20required%20to%20interface%20with%20each%20device.%20Cryogenic%20integrated%20circuits%20constructed%20from%20nanowire%20cryotrons%2C%20or%20nanocryotrons%2C%20can%20address%20this%20limitation%20by%20performing%20signal%20processing%20on%20chip.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20characterize%20key%20performance%20metrics%20of%20the%20nanocryotron%20to%20elucidate%20its%20potential%20as%20a%20logical%20element%20in%20cryogenic%20integrated%20circuits%20and%20develop%20an%20electro-thermal%20model%20to%20connect%20material%20parameters%20with%20device%20performance.%20We%20find%20that%20the%20performance%20of%20the%20nanocryotron%20depends%20significantly%20on%20the%20device%20geometry%2C%20and%20trade-offs%20are%20associated%20with%20optimizing%20the%20gain%2C%20jitter%2C%20and%20energy%20dissipation.%20We%20demonstrate%20that%20nanocryotrons%20fabricated%20on%20niobium%20nitride%20can%20achieve%20a%20grey%20zone%20less%20than%20210%20nA%20wide%20for%20a%205%20ns%20long%20input%20pulse%20corresponding%20to%20a%20maximum%20achievable%20gain%20of%2048%20dB%2C%20an%20energy%20dissipation%20of%20less%20than%2020%20aJ%20per%20operation%2C%20and%20a%20jitter%20of%20less%20than%2060%20ps.%22%2C%22genre%22%3A%22%22%2C%22repository%22%3A%22arXiv%22%2C%22archiveID%22%3A%22arXiv%3A2409.17366%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-09-25%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.48550%5C%2FarXiv.2409.17366%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farxiv.org%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F2409.17366%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-02-25T20%3A06%3A15Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22CAP28XP9%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2723951%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kim%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-09-24%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E%5B1%5D%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EC.%20Kim%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%5C%22%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Facsnano.4c11001%27%3EWafer-Scale%20MgB2%20Superconducting%20Devices%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%2C%5C%22%20%3Ci%3EACS%20Nano%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20Sep.%202024%2C%20doi%3A%2010.1021%5C%2Facsnano.4c11001.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Wafer-Scale%20MgB2%20Superconducting%20Devices%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Changsub%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jake%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Evans%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jonathan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Greenfield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emma%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Batson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Berggren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nathan%20S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lewis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daniel%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cunnane%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Progress%20in%20superconducting%20device%20and%20detector%20technologies%20over%20the%20past%20decade%20has%20realized%20practical%20applications%20in%20quantum%20computers%2C%20detectors%20for%20far-infrared%20telescopes%2C%20and%20optical%20communications.%20Superconducting%20thin-film%20materials%2C%20however%2C%20have%20remained%20largely%20unchanged%2C%20with%20aluminum%20still%20being%20the%20material%20of%20choice%20for%20superconducting%20qubits%20and%20niobium%20compounds%20for%20high-frequency%5C%2Fhigh%20kinetic%20inductance%20devices.%20Magnesium%20diboride%20%28MgB2%29%2C%20known%20for%20its%20highest%20transition%20temperature%20%28Tc%20%3D%2039%20K%29%20among%20metallic%20superconductors%2C%20is%20a%20viable%20material%20for%20elevated%20temperature%20and%20higher%20frequency%20superconducting%20devices%20moving%20toward%20THz%20frequencies.%20However%2C%20difficulty%20in%20synthesizing%20wafer-scale%20thin%20films%20has%20prevented%20implementation%20of%20MgB2%20devices%20into%20the%20application%20base%20of%20superconducting%20electronics.%20Here%2C%20we%20report%20ultrasmooth%20%28%3C0.5%20nm%20root-mean-square%20roughness%29%20and%20uniform%20MgB2%20thin%20%28%3C100%20nm%29%20films%20over%20100%20mm%20in%20diameter%20and%20present%20prototype%20devices%20fabricated%20with%20these%20films%20demonstrating%20key%20superconducting%20properties%20including%20an%20internal%20quality%20factor%20over%20104%20at%204.5%20K%20and%20high%20tunable%20kinetic%20inductance%20in%20the%20order%20of%20tens%20of%20pH%5C%2Fsq%20in%20a%2040%20nm%20thick%20film.%20This%20advancement%20will%20enable%20development%20of%20elevated%20temperature%2C%20high-frequency%20superconducting%20quantum%20circuits%2C%20and%20devices.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-09-24%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1021%5C%2Facsnano.4c11001%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221936-0851%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Facsnano.4c11001%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-02-25T19%3A55%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22JBVW989D%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2723951%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A7400726%2C%22username%22%3A%22QNNGroup%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Quantum%20Nanostructure%20and%20Nanofabrication%20Group%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fqnngroup%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Paul%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-09-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E%5B1%5D%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3ED.%20J.%20Paul%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%26%23x201C%3BScalable%20and%20high-yield%20nanofabrication%20on%20thin-film%20YBa2Cu3O7%20for%20nanowire-based%20devices%2C%26%23x201D%3B%20presented%20at%20the%20Applied%20Superconductivity%20Conference%20%28ASC%29%2C%20Salt%20Lake%20City%2C%20Utah%2C%20Sep.%202024.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22conferencePaper%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Scalable%20and%20high-yield%20nanofabrication%20on%20thin-film%20YBa2Cu3O7%20for%20nanowire-based%20devices%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Dip%20Joti%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Paul%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emma%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Batson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Reed%20A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Foster%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Simon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Opsahl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Tony%20X.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhou%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Maitri%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Warusawithana%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ilya%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Charaev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daniel%20F.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Santavicca%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Berggren%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Scalable%20fabrication%20of%20high-quality%20nanowire%20devices%20on%20thin-film%20YBCO%20has%20been%20a%20considerable%20challenge%20in%20developing%20high-operating%20temperature%20nanowire-based%20single-photon%20detectors%20and%20superconducting%20electronics.%20One%20of%20the%20main%20challenges%20is%20the%20degradation%20of%20the%20critical%20temperature%20of%20the%20fabricated%20nanowires%2C%20as%20the%20fabricated%20devices%20often%20no%20longer%20exhibit%20superconductivity%2C%20even%20at%20mK%20temperatures.%20The%20yield%20becomes%20significantly%20lower%2C%20especially%20when%20fabricating%20sub-100%20nm%20width%20wires%20on%20sub-20%20nm%20thick%20YBCO%20films.%20This%20limits%20us%20to%20realize%20YBCO-based%20SNSPDs%20and%20nanowire-based%20superconducting%20circuits%2C%20thus%20restricting%20the%20potential%20for%20operating%20these%20devices%20above%2040K%20temperature.%20Although%20there%20have%20been%20some%20demonstrations%20of%20high-yield%20nanofabrication%20on%20thin-film%20YBCOs%20in%20recent%20years%20using%20resist-free%20focused%20ion%20beam%20%28FIB%29%20milling%2C%20it%20is%20less%20feasible%20than%20the%20traditional%20electron-beam%20lithography%20process%20for%20making%20mm-scale%20footprint%20devices.%20Besides%2C%20the%20lack%20of%20access%20to%20a%20specialized%20instrument%20like%20FIB%20can%20make%20conducting%20this%20research%20impossible%20for%20a%20wide%20range%20of%20the%20community.%20%5CnIn%20this%20work%2C%20we%20will%20present%20the%20scalable%20nanofabrication%20process%20for%20sub-100%20nm%20nanowires%20on%20thin-film%20YBCO%20and%20characterize%20their%20performance.%20We%20will%20begin%20with%20our%20fabrication%20process%20of%20direct-write%20focused-ion-beam%20lithography%20using%20Au%2B%20and%20present%20the%20transition%20temperature%20plot%20and%20current-voltage%20%28IV%29%20characteristics%20of%20the%20fabricated%20devices.%20Then%2C%20we%20will%20discuss%20the%20advantages%20and%20processes%20involved%20in%20fabricating%20YBCO%20nanowires%20through%20e-beam%20lithography%20and%20reactive%20ion%20etching%20%28RIE%29.%20Since%20the%20RIE%20of%20YBCO%20is%20not%20well-developed%20in%20the%20literature%2C%20we%20will%20thoroughly%20examine%20how%20the%20RIE%20process%20parameters%20affect%20the%20etch%20performance%20and%20the%20transition%20temperature%20of%20the%20fabricated%20devices.%20We%20will%20discuss%20the%20properties%20of%20sub-100%20nm%20wide%20straight%20nanowires%20and%20meanders%20fabricated%20on%20sub-20%20nm%20thick%20YBCO%20using%20e-beam%20lithography%2C%20along%20with%20their%20yield%20and%20scaling%20for%20mm2%20footprint%20devices.%20Moreover%2C%20we%20will%20present%20a%20quantitative%20analysis%20of%20the%20factors%20causing%20the%20degradation%20of%20the%20critical%20temperature%20of%20the%20fabricated%20devices%20and%20discuss%20how%20they%20can%20be%20mitigated%20through%20proper%20protective%20measures.%20We%20will%20show%20how%20these%20measures%20can%20improve%20overall%20yield%2C%20longevity%2C%20and%20consistency%20of%20the%20device%20performance%20over%20an%20extended%20period%2C%20which%20is%20one%20of%20the%20main%20challenges%20working%20with%20thin-film%20YBCO.%20Furthermore%2C%20we%20will%20also%20explore%20the%20impact%20of%20He-ion%20irradiation%20on%20the%20IV%20characteristics%20of%20the%20nanowires.%20Finally%2C%20we%20will%20discuss%20how%20this%20improvement%20in%20nanofabrication%20can%20pave%20the%20way%20for%20realizing%20nanowire-based%20single-photon%20detectors%20and%20superconducting%20circuits%20operating%20at%20higher%20temperatures.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-09-04%22%2C%22proceedingsTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22conferenceName%22%3A%22Applied%20Superconductivity%20Conference%20%28ASC%29%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISBN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-02-25T20%3A07%3A05Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22IWUBRP7M%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2723951%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Batson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-07-09%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E%5B1%5D%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EE.%20K.%20Batson%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%5C%22%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%5C%2Fabstract%5C%2Fdocument%5C%2F10590732%27%3EEffects%20of%20Helium%20Ion%20Exposure%20on%20the%20Single-Photon%20Sensitivity%20of%20MgB%5Cu2082%20and%20NbN%20Detectors%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%2C%5C%22%20%3Ci%3EIEEE%20Transactions%20on%20Applied%20Superconductivity%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20pp.%201%5Cu20136%2C%20Jul.%202024%2C%20doi%3A%2010.1109%5C%2FTASC.2024.3425158.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Effects%20of%20Helium%20Ion%20Exposure%20on%20the%20Single-Photon%20Sensitivity%20of%20MgB%5Cu2082%20and%20NbN%20Detectors%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emma%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Batson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Francesca%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Incalza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matteo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Castellani%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marco%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Colangelo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ilya%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Charaev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andreas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schilling%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sergey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cherednichenko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Berggren%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Improving%20the%20scalability%2C%20reproducibility%2C%20and%20operating%20temperature%20of%20superconducting%20nanowire%20single%20photon%20detectors%20%28SNSPDs%29%20has%20been%20a%20major%20research%20goal%20since%20the%20devices%20were%20first%20proposed.%20The%20recent%20innovation%20of%20helium-ion%20irradiation%20as%20a%20post-processing%20technique%20for%20SNSPDs%20could%20enable%20high%20detection%20efficiencies%20to%20be%20more%20easily%20reproducible%2C%20but%20is%20still%20poorly%20understood.%20Additionally%2C%20fabricating%20detectors%20at%20micron-wide%20scales%20from%20high-T_%5C%5CmathrmC%20materials%20could%20improve%20scalability%20and%20operating%20temperature%2C%20respectively.%20At%20the%20same%20time%2C%20fabrication%20of%20successful%20devices%20in%20wide%20wires%20and%20from%20higher-T_%5C%5CmathrmC%20materials%20like%20magnesium%20diboride%20has%20proven%20challenging.%20In%20this%20work%2C%20we%20compare%20helium%20ion%20irradiation%20in%20niobium%20nitride%20and%20magnesium%20diboride%20detectors%20with%20different%20material%20stacks%20in%20order%20to%20better%20understand%20the%20mechanics%20of%20irradiation%20and%20practical%20implications%20of%20encapsulating%20layers%20on%20effective%20dose.%20We%20examine%20the%20effects%20of%20experimental%20effective%20dose%20tests%20and%20compare%20these%20results%20to%20the%20damage%20per%20ion%20predicted%20by%20simulations%20in%20corresponding%20material%20stacks.%20In%20both%20materials%2C%20irradiation%20results%20in%20an%20increase%20in%20count%20rate%2C%20though%20for%20niobium%20nitride%20this%20increase%20has%20not%20fully%20saturated%20even%20at%20the%20highest%20tested%20dose%20of%202.6%5C%5Ctimes%2010%3Csup%3E17%3C%5C%2Fsup%3E%20ions%5C%2Fcm%3Csup%3E2%3C%5C%2Fsup%3E%2C%20while%20for%20resist-encapsulated%20magnesium%20diboride%20even%20the%20lowest%20tested%20dose%20of%201%5C%5Ctimes%2010%3Csup%3E15%3C%5C%2Fsup%3E%20ions%5C%2Fcm%3Csup%3E2%3C%5C%2Fsup%3E%20appears%20higher%20than%20optimal.%20Our%20results%20demonstrate%20the%20general%20applicability%20of%20helium%20ion%20irradiation%20to%20vastly%20different%20devices%20and%20material%20stacks%2C%20albeit%20with%20differing%20optimal%20doses%2C%20and%20show%20the%20reproducibility%20and%20effectiveness%20of%20this%20post-processing%20technique%20in%20significantly%20improving%20SNSPD%20efficiency.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-07-09%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1109%5C%2FTASC.2024.3425158%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221558-2515%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%5C%2Fabstract%5C%2Fdocument%5C%2F10590732%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-04-14T17%3A22%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22QM5BJVAC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2723951%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Charaev%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-05-10%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E%5B1%5D%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EI.%20Charaev%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%5C%22%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fs41467-024-47353-x%27%3ESingle-photon%20detection%20using%20large-scale%20high-temperature%20MgB2%20sensors%20at%2020%20K%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%2C%5C%22%20%3Ci%3ENat%20Commun%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20vol.%2015%2C%20no.%201%2C%20p.%203973%2C%20May%202024%2C%20doi%3A%2010.1038%5C%2Fs41467-024-47353-x.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Single-photon%20detection%20using%20large-scale%20high-temperature%20MgB2%20sensors%20at%2020%20K%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ilya%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Charaev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emma%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Batson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sergey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cherednichenko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kate%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reidy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vladimir%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Drakinskiy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yang%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Samuel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lara-Avila%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Joachim%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thomsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marco%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Colangelo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Francesca%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Incalza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Konstantin%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ilin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Andreas%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schilling%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Berggren%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Ultra-fast%20single-photon%20detectors%20with%20high%20current%20density%20and%20operating%20temperature%20can%20benefit%20space%20and%20ground%20applications%2C%20including%20quantum%20optical%20communication%20systems%2C%20lightweight%20cryogenics%20for%20space%20crafts%2C%20and%20medical%20use.%20Here%20we%20demonstrate%20magnesium%20diboride%20%28MgB2%29%20thin-film%20superconducting%20microwires%20capable%20of%20single-photon%20detection%20at%201.55%20%5Cu2009%5Cu03bcm%20optical%20wavelength.%20We%20used%20helium%20ions%20to%20alter%20the%20properties%20of%20MgB2%2C%20resulting%20in%20microwire-based%20detectors%20exhibiting%20single-photon%20sensitivity%20across%20a%20broad%20temperature%20range%20of%20up%20to%2020%20K%2C%20and%20detection%20efficiency%20saturation%20for%201%20%5Cu2009%5Cu03bcm%20wide%20microwires%20at%203.7%20K.%20Linearity%20of%20detection%20rate%20vs%20incident%20power%20was%20preserved%20up%20to%20at%20least%20100%20Mcps.%20Despite%20the%20large%20active%20area%20of%20up%20to%20400%5Cu2009%5Cu00d7%5Cu2009400%20%5Cu03bcm2%2C%20the%20reset%20time%20was%20found%20to%20be%20as%20low%20as%5Cu2009~%5Cu20091%20ns.%20Our%20research%20provides%20possibilities%20for%20breaking%20the%20operating%20temperature%20limit%20and%20maximum%20single-pixel%20count%20rate%2C%20expanding%20the%20detector%20area%2C%20and%20raises%20inquiries%20about%20the%20fundamental%20mechanisms%20of%20single-photon%20detection%20in%20high-critical-temperature%20superconductors.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-05-10%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1038%5C%2Fs41467-024-47353-x%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%222041-1723%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.nature.com%5C%2Farticles%5C%2Fs41467-024-47353-x%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-04-14T17%3A26%3A54Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22IMKQDBVL%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2723951%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A7400726%2C%22username%22%3A%22QNNGroup%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Quantum%20Nanostructure%20and%20Nanofabrication%20Group%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fqnngroup%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Colangelo%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222024-01-16%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E%5B1%5D%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EM.%20Colangelo%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%5C%22%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Facsphotonics.3c01628%27%3EMolybdenum%20Silicide%20Superconducting%20Nanowire%20Single-Photon%20Detectors%20on%20Lithium%20Niobate%20Waveguides%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%2C%5C%22%20%3Ci%3EACS%20Photonics%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20Jan.%202024%2C%20doi%3A%2010.1021%5C%2Facsphotonics.3c01628.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Molybdenum%20Silicide%20Superconducting%20Nanowire%20Single-Photon%20Detectors%20on%20Lithium%20Niobate%20Waveguides%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marco%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Colangelo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Di%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Linbo%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shao%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeffrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Holzgrafe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emma%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Batson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Boris%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Desiatov%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Owen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Medeiros%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yeung%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marko%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Loncar%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Berggren%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22We%20demonstrate%20a%20molybdenum%20silicide%20superconducting%20nanowire%20single-photon%20detector%20heterogeneously%20integrated%20onto%20a%20thin-film%20lithium%20niobate%20waveguide.%20The%20detector%20achieves%20approximately%2050%25%20on-chip%20detection%20efficiency%20at%201550%20nm%20with%20a%20jitter%20of%2082%20ps%20when%20measured%20at%200.78%20K.%20This%20demonstration%20showcases%20the%20integration%20of%20an%20amorphous%20superconductor%20utilizing%20conventional%20fabrication%20processes%20without%20strict%20cooling%20and%20substrate%20requirements.%20This%20paves%20the%20way%20for%20the%20integration%20of%20additional%20superconducting%20electronic%20components%2C%20potentially%20realizing%20the%20full%20promise%20of%20integrated%20quantum%20photonic%20circuits.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222024-01-16%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1021%5C%2Facsphotonics.3c01628%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1021%5C%2Facsphotonics.3c01628%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-04-14T16%3A49%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2249VENJX5%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2723951%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Kim%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-12%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E%5B1%5D%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EC.%20Kim%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%5C%22%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farxiv.org%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F2305.15190%27%3EWafer-Scale%20MgB2%20Superconducting%20Devices%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%2C%5C%22%20Dec.%202023.%20doi%3A%2010.48550%5C%2FARXIV.2305.15190.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22preprint%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Wafer-Scale%20MgB2%20Superconducting%20Devices%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Changsub%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Christina%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bell%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jake%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Evans%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jonathan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Greenfield%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emma%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Batson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Berggren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nathan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lewis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Daniel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cunnane%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Progress%20in%20superconducting%20device%20and%20detector%20technologies%20over%20the%20past%20decade%20have%20realized%20practical%20applications%20in%20quantum%20computers%2C%20detectors%20for%20far-infrared%20telescopes%2C%20and%20optical%20communications.%20Superconducting%20thin%20film%20materials%2C%20however%2C%20have%20remained%20largely%20unchanged%2C%20with%20aluminum%20still%20being%20the%20material%20of%20choice%20for%20superconducting%20qubits%2C%20and%20niobium%20compounds%20for%20high%20frequency%5C%2Fhigh%20kinetic%20inductance%20devices.%20Magnesium%20diboride%20%28%24%5C%5Cmathrm%7BMgB%7D_2%24%29%2C%20known%20for%20its%20highest%20transition%20temperature%20%28%24%5C%5Cmathrm%7BT%7D_c%24%20%3D%2039%20K%29%20among%20metallic%20superconductors%2C%20is%20a%20viable%20material%20for%20elevated%20temperature%20and%20higher%20frequency%20superconducting%20devices%20moving%20towards%20THz%20frequencies.%20However%2C%20difficulty%20in%20synthesizing%20wafer-scale%20thin%20films%20have%20prevented%20implementation%20of%20%24%5C%5Cmathrm%7BMgB%7D_2%24%20devices%20into%20the%20application%20base%20of%20superconducting%20electronics.%20Here%2C%20we%20report%20ultra-smooth%20%28%26lt%3B%200.5%20nm%20root-mean-square%20roughness%29%20and%20uniform%20%24%5C%5Cmathrm%7BMgB%7D_2%24%20thin%20%28%26lt%3B%20100%20nm%29%20films%20over%20100%20mm%20in%20diameter%20for%20the%20first%20time%20and%20present%20prototype%20devices%20fabricated%20with%20these%20films%20demonstrating%20key%20superconducting%20properties%20including%20internal%20quality%20factor%20over%20%24%5C%5Cmathrm%7B10%7D%5E4%24%20at%204.5%20K%20and%20high%20tunable%20kinetic%20inductance%20in%20the%20order%20of%20tens%20of%20pH%5C%2Fsq%20in%20a%2040%20nm%20film.%20This%20groundbreaking%20advancement%20will%20enable%20development%20of%20elevated%20temperature%2C%20high%20frequency%20superconducting%20quantum%20circuits%20and%20devices.%22%2C%22genre%22%3A%22%22%2C%22repository%22%3A%22%22%2C%22archiveID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22December%202023%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.48550%5C%2FARXIV.2305.15190%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farxiv.org%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F2305.15190%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-03-13T23%3A51%3A59Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22T27XN2BR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2723951%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A7400726%2C%22username%22%3A%22QNNGroup%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Quantum%20Nanostructure%20and%20Nanofabrication%20Group%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fqnngroup%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Warner%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-10-24%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E%5B1%5D%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EH.%20K.%20Warner%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%5C%22%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farxiv.org%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F2310.16155%27%3ECoherent%20control%20of%20a%20superconducting%20qubit%20using%20light%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%2C%5C%22%20Oct.%2024%2C%202023%2C%20%3Ci%3EarXiv%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%3A%20arXiv%3A2310.16155.%20doi%3A%2010.48550%5C%2FarXiv.2310.16155.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22preprint%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Coherent%20control%20of%20a%20superconducting%20qubit%20using%20light%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Hana%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Warner%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jeffrey%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Holzgrafe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Beatriz%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yankelevich%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22David%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Barton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Stefano%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Poletto%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%20J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Xin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Neil%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sinclair%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Di%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Zhu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eyob%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Sete%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Brandon%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Langley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emma%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Batson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marco%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Colangelo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Amirhassan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Shams-Ansari%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Graham%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Joe%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Berggren%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Liang%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jiang%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Matthew%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reagor%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marko%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Loncar%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Quantum%20science%20and%20technology%20promise%20the%20realization%20of%20a%20powerful%20computational%20resource%20that%20relies%20on%20a%20network%20of%20quantum%20processors%20connected%20with%20low%20loss%20and%20low%20noise%20communication%20channels%20capable%20of%20distributing%20entangled%20states%20%5B1%2C2%5D.%20While%20superconducting%20microwave%20qubits%20%283-8%20GHz%29%20operating%20in%20cryogenic%20environments%20have%20emerged%20as%20promising%20candidates%20for%20quantum%20processor%20nodes%20due%20to%20their%20strong%20Josephson%20nonlinearity%20and%20low%20loss%20%5B3%5D%2C%20the%20information%20between%20spatially%20separated%20processor%20nodes%20will%20likely%20be%20carried%20at%20room%20temperature%20via%20telecommunication%20photons%20%28200%20THz%29%20propagating%20in%20low%20loss%20optical%20fibers.%20Transduction%20of%20quantum%20information%20%5B4-10%5D%20between%20these%20disparate%20frequencies%20is%20therefore%20critical%20to%20leverage%20the%20advantages%20of%20each%20platform%20by%20interfacing%20quantum%20resources.%20Here%2C%20we%20demonstrate%20coherent%20optical%20control%20of%20a%20superconducting%20qubit.%20We%20achieve%20this%20by%20developing%20a%20microwave-optical%20quantum%20transducer%20that%20operates%20with%20up%20to%201.18%25%20conversion%20efficiency%20%281.16%25%20cooperativity%29%20and%20demonstrate%20optically-driven%20Rabi%20oscillations%20%282.27%20MHz%29%20in%20a%20superconducting%20qubit%20without%20impacting%20qubit%20coherence%20times%20%28800%20ns%29.%20Finally%2C%20we%20discuss%20outlooks%20towards%20using%20the%20transducer%20to%20network%20quantum%20processor%20nodes.%22%2C%22genre%22%3A%22%22%2C%22repository%22%3A%22arXiv%22%2C%22archiveID%22%3A%22arXiv%3A2310.16155%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-10-24%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.48550%5C%2FarXiv.2310.16155%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farxiv.org%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F2310.16155%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-12-19T17%3A44%3A07Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HAFHVF7P%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2723951%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A570089%2C%22username%22%3A%22RinskeW%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Frinskew%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Batson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-09-13%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E%5B1%5D%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EE.%20K.%20Batson%2C%20%26%23x201C%3BSuperconducting%20nanowire%20devices%20in%20novel%20materials%3A%20High%20critical%20temperatures%20and%20transparent%20superconductors%2C%26%23x201D%3B%20presented%20at%20the%20HTSHFF%202023%2C%20Giardini%20Naxos%2C%20Italy%2C%20Sep.%2013%2C%202023.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22presentation%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Superconducting%20nanowire%20devices%20in%20novel%20materials%3A%20High%20critical%20temperatures%20and%20transparent%20superconductors%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22presenter%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emma%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Batson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%229%5C%2F13%5C%2F2023%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-03-06T20%3A53%3A01Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WLWQ6ITN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2723951%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A570089%2C%22username%22%3A%22RinskeW%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Frinskew%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Batson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-09-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E%5B1%5D%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EE.%20K.%20Batson%2C%20%26%23x201C%3BElectrical%20Characterization%20of%20Micron-Wide%20Magnesium%20Diboride%20Wires%20for%20SuSPDs%2C%26%23x201D%3B%20presented%20at%20the%20EUCAS%202023%2C%20Bologna%2C%20Italy%2C%20Sep.%2004%2C%202023.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22presentation%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Electrical%20Characterization%20of%20Micron-Wide%20Magnesium%20Diboride%20Wires%20for%20SuSPDs%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22presenter%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emma%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Batson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%229%5C%2F4%5C%2F2023%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-03-06T20%3A53%3A10Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22G52J4YJ2%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2723951%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A7400726%2C%22username%22%3A%22QNNGroup%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22Quantum%20Nanostructure%20and%20Nanofabrication%20Group%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Fqnngroup%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Charaev%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-08-29%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A2%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E%5B1%5D%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EI.%20Charaev%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%5C%22%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farxiv.org%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F2308.15228%27%3ESingle-photon%20detection%20using%20large-scale%20high-temperature%20MgB%24_2%24%20sensors%20at%2020%20K%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%2C%5C%22%20Aug.%2029%2C%202023%2C%20%3Ci%3EarXiv%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%3A%20arXiv%3A2308.15228.%20doi%3A%2010.48550%5C%2FarXiv.2308.15228.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22preprint%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Single-photon%20detection%20using%20large-scale%20high-temperature%20MgB%24_2%24%20sensors%20at%2020%20K%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Ilya%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Charaev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emma%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Batson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cherednichenko%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Reidy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22V.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Drakinskiy%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yu%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22S.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Lara-Avila%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thomsen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marco%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Colangelo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Francesca%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Incalza%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ilin%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schilling%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Berggren%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Ultra-fast%20single-photon%20detectors%20with%20high%20current%20density%20and%20operating%20temperature%20can%20benefit%20space%20and%20ground%20applications%2C%20including%20quantum%20optical%20communication%20systems%2C%20lightweight%20cryogenics%20for%20space%20crafts%2C%20and%20medical%20use.%20Here%20we%20demonstrate%20magnesium%20diboride%20%28MgB%24_2%24%29%20thin-film%20superconducting%20microwires%20capable%20of%20single-photon%20detection%20at%201.55%20%24%5C%5Cmu%24m%20optical%20wavelength.%20We%20used%20helium%20ions%20to%20alter%20the%20properties%20of%20MgB%24_2%24%2C%20resulting%20in%20microwire-based%20detectors%20exhibiting%20single-photon%20sensitivity%20across%20a%20broad%20temperature%20range%20of%20up%20to%2020%20K%2C%20and%20detection%20efficiency%20saturation%20for%201%20%24%5C%5Cmu%24m%20wide%20microwires%20at%203.7%20K.%20Linearity%20of%20detection%20rate%20vs%20incident%20power%20was%20preserved%20up%20to%20at%20least%20~100%20Mcps.%20Despite%20the%20large%20active%20area%20of%20up%20to%20400%24%5C%5Ctimes%24400%20%24%5C%5Cmu%24m%24%5E2%24%2C%20the%20reset%20time%20was%20found%20to%20be%20as%20low%20as%20%24%5C%5Csim1%24%20ns.%20Our%20research%20provides%20new%20possibilities%20for%20breaking%20the%20operating%20temperature%20limit%20and%20maximum%20single-pixel%20count%20rate%2C%20expanding%20the%20detector%20area%2C%20and%20raises%20inquiries%20about%20the%20fundamental%20mechanisms%20of%20single-photon%20detection%20in%20high-critical-temperature%20superconductors.%22%2C%22genre%22%3A%22%22%2C%22repository%22%3A%22arXiv%22%2C%22archiveID%22%3A%22arXiv%3A2308.15228%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-08-29%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.48550%5C%2FarXiv.2308.15228%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farxiv.org%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F2308.15228%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-04-14T16%3A50%3A42Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226WNJYZZB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2723951%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Batson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222023-04%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E%5B1%5D%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EE.%20K.%20Batson%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%5C%22%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdx.doi.org%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1361-6668%5C%2Facc280%27%3EReduced%20ITO%20for%20transparent%20superconducting%20electronics%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%2C%5C%22%20%3Ci%3ESupercond.%20Sci.%20Technol.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20vol.%2036%2C%20no.%205%2C%20p.%20055009%2C%20Apr.%202023%2C%20doi%3A%2010.1088%5C%2F1361-6668%5C%2Facc280.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Reduced%20ITO%20for%20transparent%20superconducting%20electronics%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emma%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Batson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marco%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Colangelo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simonaitis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eyosias%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gebremeskel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Owen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Medeiros%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mayuran%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saravanapavanantham%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vladimir%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bulovic%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philip%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Keathley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Berggren%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Absorption%20of%20light%20in%20superconducting%20electronics%20is%20a%20major%20limitation%20on%20the%20quality%20of%20circuit%20architectures%20that%20integrate%20optical%20components%20with%20superconducting%20components.%20A%2010%20nm%20thick%20film%20of%20a%20typical%20superconducting%20material%20like%20niobium%20can%20absorb%20over%20half%20of%20any%20incident%20optical%20radiation.%20Instead%2C%20we%20propose%20using%20superconductors%20that%20are%20transparent%20to%20the%20wavelengths%20used%20elsewhere%20in%20the%20system.%20In%20this%20paper%2C%20we%20investigated%20reduced%20indium%20tin%20oxide%20%28ITO%29%20as%20a%20potential%20transparent%20superconductor%20for%20electronics.%20We%20fabricated%20and%20characterized%20superconducting%20wires%20of%20reduced%20ITO.%20We%20also%20showed%20that%20a%20thick%20film%20of%20this%20material%20would%20only%20absorb%20about%201%25%5Cu201320%25%20of%20light%20between%20500%20and%201700%20nm.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222023-04%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22en%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1088%5C%2F1361-6668%5C%2Facc280%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220953-2048%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdx.doi.org%5C%2F10.1088%5C%2F1361-6668%5C%2Facc280%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-03-06T20%3A53%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HUFPWCAK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2723951%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Batson%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-12-16%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A3%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E%5B1%5D%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EE.%20K.%20Batson%20%3Ci%3Eet%20al.%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%2C%20%5C%22%3Ca%20class%3D%27zp-ItemURL%27%20href%3D%27http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farxiv.org%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F2212.08573%27%3EReduced%20ITO%20for%20Transparent%20Superconducting%20Electronics%3C%5C%2Fa%3E%2C%5C%22%20Dec.%2016%2C%202022%2C%20%3Ci%3EarXiv%3C%5C%2Fi%3E%3A%20arXiv%3A2212.08573.%20doi%3A%2010.48550%5C%2FarXiv.2212.08573.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22preprint%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Reduced%20ITO%20for%20Transparent%20Superconducting%20Electronics%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emma%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Batson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marco%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Colangelo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22John%20W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Simonaitis%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Eyosias%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gebremeskel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Owen%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Medeiros%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Mayuran%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Saravanapavanantham%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vladimir%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bulovic%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Philip%20D.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Keathley%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Karl%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Berggren%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Absorption%20of%20light%20in%20superconducting%20electronics%20is%20a%20major%20limitation%20on%20the%20quality%20of%20circuit%20architectures%20that%20integrate%20optical%20components%20with%20superconducting%20components.%20A%2010%20nm%20thick%20film%20of%20a%20typical%20superconducting%20material%20like%20niobium%20can%20absorb%20over%20half%20of%20any%20incident%20optical%20radiation.%20We%20propose%20instead%20using%20superconductors%20which%20are%20transparent%20to%20the%20wavelengths%20used%20elsewhere%20in%20the%20system.%20In%20this%20paper%20we%20investigated%20reduced%20indium%20tin%20oxide%20%28ITO%29%20as%20a%20potential%20transparent%20superconductor%20for%20electronics.%20We%20fabricated%20and%20characterized%20superconducting%20wires%20of%20reduced%20indium%20tin%20oxide.%20We%20also%20showed%20that%20a%20%24%5C%5CSI%7B10%7D%7Bnm%7D%24%20thick%20film%20of%20the%20material%20would%20only%20absorb%20about%201%20-%2020%5C%5C%25%20of%20light%20between%20500%20-%201700%20nm.%22%2C%22genre%22%3A%22%22%2C%22repository%22%3A%22arXiv%22%2C%22archiveID%22%3A%22arXiv%3A2212.08573%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222022-12-16%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.48550%5C%2FarXiv.2212.08573%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Farxiv.org%5C%2Fabs%5C%2F2212.08573%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-03-06T20%3A51%3A27Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22KWM4RZ5L%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2723951%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Batson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-10-28%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E%5B1%5D%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EE.%20K.%20Batson%2C%20%26%23x201C%3BElectrochemically%20Reduced%20ITO%20as%20a%20Transparent%20Superconductor%2C%26%23x201D%3B%20presented%20at%20the%20ASC%202022%2C%20Honolulu%2C%20Hawaii%2C%20Oct.%2028%2C%202022.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22presentation%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Electrochemically%20Reduced%20ITO%20as%20a%20Transparent%20Superconductor%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22presenter%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emma%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Batson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22October%2028%2C%202022%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-03-06T20%3A53%3A32Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%2252593IKD%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2723951%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A570089%2C%22username%22%3A%22RinskeW%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Frinskew%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Batson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-06-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E%5B1%5D%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EE.%20K.%20Batson%2C%20%26%23x201C%3BFabrication%20of%20Microwires%20on%20Reduced%20ITO%20Nanoparticles%2C%26%23x201D%3B%20presented%20at%20the%20EIPBN%202022%2C%20New%20Orleans%2C%20Jun.%2001%2C%202022.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22presentation%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Fabrication%20of%20Microwires%20on%20Reduced%20ITO%20Nanoparticles%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22presenter%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emma%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Batson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2206%5C%2F01%5C%2F2022%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-03-06T20%3A53%3A37Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22VDXVESZY%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2723951%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Batson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222022-05%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A1%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E%5B1%5D%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EE.%20K.%20Batson%2C%20%26%23x201C%3BReduced%20Indium%20Tin%20Oxide%20as%20a%20Transparent%20Superconductor%2C%26%23x201D%3B%20M.S.%20Thesis%2C%20Massachusetts%20Institute%20of%20Technology%2C%202022.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22thesis%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Reduced%20Indium%20Tin%20Oxide%20as%20a%20Transparent%20Superconductor%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emma%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Batson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Absorption%20of%20optical%20light%20in%20superconducting%20electronics%20is%20a%20major%20limitation%20on%20the%20quality%20of%20circuit%20architectures%20that%20integrate%20optical%20components%20with%20superconducting%20components.%20Such%20absorption%20causes%20losses%20in%20the%20optics%20and%20quasiparticle%20generation%20in%20the%20superconductor%2C%20decreasing%20the%20performance%20of%20both%20%5B1%5D.%20However%2C%20integration%20of%20optical%20and%20superconducting%20components%20will%20be%20crucial%20for%20the%20development%20of%20electro-optical%20transducers%20for%20quantum%20networking%20%5B2%5D%2C%20scalable%20readout%20of%20single%20photon%20detectors%20%5B3%5D%2C%20and%20neuromorphic%20computing%20%5B4%5D.%20Ideally%2C%20we%20could%20fabricate%20the%20superconducting%20electronics%20in%20these%20systems%20out%20of%20a%20material%20that%20is%20transparent%20to%20the%20wavelengths%20used%20by%20the%20optical%20components.%5CnFew%20conductive%20materials%20are%20transparent%20to%20optical%20wavelengths%20though%2C%20let%20alone%20superconducting%20materials.%20Typical%20metals%20have%20a%20high%20carrier%20concentration%20and%20no%20band%20gap%2C%20resulting%20in%20strong%20absorption%20for%20light%20below%20x-ray%20frequencies%20%5B5%5D.%20However%2C%20certain%20degenerately%20doped%20semiconductors%20known%20as%20transparent%20conductive%20oxides%20have%20ultraviolet%20band%20gap%20energies%2C%20high%20mobilities%2C%20and%20low%20carrier%20concentrations%2C%20thus%20allowing%20for%20both%20good%20conduction%20and%20optical%20transparency.%20Under%20the%20right%20conditions%2C%20these%20materials%20may%20superconduct%20as%20well.%20One%20such%20material%2C%20indium%20tin%20oxide%20%28ITO%29%2C%20has%20been%20shown%20to%20superconduct%20with%20a%20maximum%20transition%20temperature%20of%20about%204%20K%20when%20doped%20to%20carrier%20concentrations%20of%20about%201021cm%5Cu22123%20%5B6%5D.%20In%20particular%2C%20arbitrary%20samples%20of%20ITO%20can%20superconduct%20when%20suffciently%20doped%20by%20electrochemical%20reduction%20%5B7%5D.%5CnIn%20this%20thesis%2C%20we%20characterize%20the%20effects%20of%20electrochemical%20reduction%20on%20the%20electronic%20properties%2C%20structure%2C%20and%20composition%20of%20ITO%20and%20evaluate%20its%20suitability%20for%20superconducting%20electronics.%20First%2C%20in%20Chapter%201%2C%20we%20outline%20the%20theory%20of%20transparent%20superconductivity%20and%20review%20existing%20work%20on%20such%20materials.%20Then%20in%20Chapter%202%20we%20describe%20the%20basic%20theory%20and%20design%20of%20our%20electrochemical%20cell%20and%20discuss%20the%20characterization%20techniques%20we%20will%20use%20to%20evaluate%20our%20films.%20In%20Chapter%203%20we%20present%20our%20findings%20on%20the%20electronic%20properties%2C%20structure%2C%20and%20composition%20of%20ITO%20reduced%20to%20different%20total%20reduction%20charge%20densities.%20In%20Chapter%204%20we%20quantify%20the%20optical%20properties%20of%20reduced%20ITO%20and%20compare%20it%20to%20niobium%2C%20a%20common%20material%20for%20superconducting%20electronics.%20In%20Chapter%205%20we%20consider%20different%20methods%20for%20fabricating%20electronics%20on%20reduced%20ITO%20and%20evaluate%20the%20resulting%20microwires.%20Finally%2C%20in%20Chapter%206%20we%20discuss%20the%20implications%20of%20our%20fidings%20and%20future%20directions%20for%20work%20on%20transparent%20superconductors.%22%2C%22thesisType%22%3A%22M.S.%20Thesis%22%2C%22university%22%3A%22Massachusetts%20Institute%20of%20Technology%22%2C%22date%22%3A%22May%202022%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-03-06T20%3A53%3A42Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22PVF5NIQA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A2723951%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22lastModifiedByUser%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A570089%2C%22username%22%3A%22RinskeW%22%2C%22name%22%3A%22%22%2C%22links%22%3A%7B%22alternate%22%3A%7B%22href%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fwww.zotero.org%5C%2Frinskew%22%2C%22type%22%3A%22text%5C%2Fhtml%22%7D%7D%7D%2C%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Batson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222021-12-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-bib-body%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22line-height%3A%201.35%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-entry%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22clear%3A%20left%3B%20%5C%22%3E%5Cn%20%20%20%20%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-left-margin%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22float%3A%20left%3B%20padding-right%3A%200.5em%3B%20text-align%3A%20right%3B%20width%3A%201em%3B%5C%22%3E%5B1%5D%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%3Cdiv%20class%3D%5C%22csl-right-inline%5C%22%20style%3D%5C%22margin%3A%200%20.4em%200%201.5em%3B%5C%22%3EE.%20K.%20Batson%2C%20%26%23x201C%3BTransparent%20Superconductors%3A%20Reduced%20ITO%2C%26%23x201D%3B%20presented%20at%20the%20Material%20Research%20Society%20Fall%20Meeting%202021%2C%20Boston%2C%20Dec.%2001%2C%202021.%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%20%20%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%5Cn%3C%5C%2Fdiv%3E%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22presentation%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Transparent%20Superconductors%3A%20Reduced%20ITO%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22presenter%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Emma%20K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Batson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22There%20are%20an%20increasing%20number%20of%20circuit%20architectures%20that%20put%20optical%20modes%20on-chip%20with%20superconducting%20microwave%20electronics%2C%20such%20as%20microwave-to-optical%20transducers%20which%20could%20help%20link%20quantum%20networks.%5B1%2C%202%5D%20However%2C%20such%20devices%20are%20frequently%20limited%20by%20absorption%20of%20the%20optical%20field%20in%20the%20superconducting%20electronics.%20This%20loss%20leads%20to%20a%20reduction%20in%20the%20quality%20factor%20of%20the%20optics%2C%20and%20may%20also%20induce%20quasi-particle%20generation%20which%20reduces%20the%20performance%20of%20the%20superconducting%20material.%20Although%20fine-tuning%20the%20geometry%20of%20the%20circuit%20can%20decrease%20optical%20absorption%20in%20the%20superconductor%2C%20the%20absorption%20could%20be%20further%20reduced%20if%20the%20electronics%20were%20made%20of%20a%20superconductor%20which%20was%20transparent%20to%20visible%20light.%5Cn%5CnITO%2C%20which%20has%20previously%20been%20studied%20as%20a%20transparent%20conductor%20with%20a%20low%20carrier%20concentration%20and%20a%20high%20mobility%2C%20has%20recently%20been%20shown%20to%20superconduct%20when%20electrochemically%20doped%20via%20intercalation%20of%20sodium%20ions.%5B3%5D%20However%2C%20the%20doping%20is%20also%20associated%20with%20a%20clear%20change%20in%20the%20optical%20properties%20of%20the%20material.%20We%20develop%20electrochemical%20cell%20for%20doping%20ITO%20and%20study%20how%20the%20process%20affects%20its%20electrical%20and%20optical%20properties.%20We%20use%20ITO%20on%20different%20substrates%2C%20including%20glass%20and%20silicon%2C%20with%20different%20doping%20levels%20set%20by%20intercalation%20time.%20We%20measure%20how%20doping%20changes%20the%20optical%20properties%20of%20the%20ITO%20using%20ellipsometry%20and%20spectrophotometry%20across%20the%20visible%20spectrum%20and%20near%20infrared.%20We%20also%20measure%20the%20room%20temperature%20resistivity%20and%20superconducting%20transition%20temperature%2C%20and%20their%20relationship%20to%20the%20optical%20properties.%20Through%20these%20measurements%2C%20we%20evaluate%20the%20suitability%20of%20sodium-doped%20ITO%20as%20a%20transparent%20superconductor.%5Cn%5Cn%5B1%5D%20Optica%207.12%20%282020%29%2C%20pp.%201714%5Cu20131720%5Cn%5B2%5D%20Optica%207.12%20%282020%29%2C%20pp.%201737-1745%5Cn%5B3%5D%20Appl.%20Phys.%20Lett.%20101%2C%20252603%20%282012%29%22%2C%22date%22%3A%2212%5C%2F01%5C%2F2021%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222024-03-06T20%3A53%3A48Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D
[1]
A. Simon et al., "Ab initio modeling of single-photon detection in superconducting nanowires," Jan. 23, 2025, arXiv: arXiv:2501.13791. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2501.13791.
[1]
A. Simon, R. A. Foster, O. Medeiros, M. Castellani, E. K. Batson, and K. K. Berggren, "Characterizing and modeling the influence of geometry on the performance of superconducting nanowire cryotrons," Sep. 25, 2024, arXiv: arXiv:2409.17366. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2409.17366.
[1]
C. Kim et al., "Wafer-Scale MgB2 Superconducting Devices," ACS Nano, Sep. 2024, doi: 10.1021/acsnano.4c11001.
[1]
D. J. Paul et al., “Scalable and high-yield nanofabrication on thin-film YBa2Cu3O7 for nanowire-based devices,” presented at the Applied Superconductivity Conference (ASC), Salt Lake City, Utah, Sep. 2024.
[1]
E. K. Batson et al., "Effects of Helium Ion Exposure on the Single-Photon Sensitivity of MgB₂ and NbN Detectors," IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, pp. 1–6, Jul. 2024, doi: 10.1109/TASC.2024.3425158.
[1]
I. Charaev et al., "Single-photon detection using large-scale high-temperature MgB2 sensors at 20 K," Nat Commun, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 3973, May 2024, doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-47353-x.
[1]
M. Colangelo et al., "Molybdenum Silicide Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors on Lithium Niobate Waveguides," ACS Photonics, Jan. 2024, doi: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01628.
[1]
C. Kim et al., "Wafer-Scale MgB2 Superconducting Devices," Dec. 2023. doi: 10.48550/ARXIV.2305.15190.
[1]
H. K. Warner et al., "Coherent control of a superconducting qubit using light," Oct. 24, 2023, arXiv: arXiv:2310.16155. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2310.16155.
[1]
E. K. Batson, “Superconducting nanowire devices in novel materials: High critical temperatures and transparent superconductors,” presented at the HTSHFF 2023, Giardini Naxos, Italy, Sep. 13, 2023.
[1]
E. K. Batson, “Electrical Characterization of Micron-Wide Magnesium Diboride Wires for SuSPDs,” presented at the EUCAS 2023, Bologna, Italy, Sep. 04, 2023.
[1]
I. Charaev et al., "Single-photon detection using large-scale high-temperature MgB$_2$ sensors at 20 K," Aug. 29, 2023, arXiv: arXiv:2308.15228. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2308.15228.
[1]
E. K. Batson et al., "Reduced ITO for transparent superconducting electronics," Supercond. Sci. Technol., vol. 36, no. 5, p. 055009, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1088/1361-6668/acc280.
[1]
E. K. Batson et al., "Reduced ITO for Transparent Superconducting Electronics," Dec. 16, 2022, arXiv: arXiv:2212.08573. doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2212.08573.
[1]
E. K. Batson, “Electrochemically Reduced ITO as a Transparent Superconductor,” presented at the ASC 2022, Honolulu, Hawaii, Oct. 28, 2022.
[1]
E. K. Batson, “Fabrication of Microwires on Reduced ITO Nanoparticles,” presented at the EIPBN 2022, New Orleans, Jun. 01, 2022.
[1]
E. K. Batson, “Reduced Indium Tin Oxide as a Transparent Superconductor,” M.S. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2022.
[1]
E. K. Batson, “Transparent Superconductors: Reduced ITO,” presented at the Material Research Society Fall Meeting 2021, Boston, Dec. 01, 2021.